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HLA testing
Human leukocyte antigen (leukocyte is the name for white blood cell, while antigen refers to a genetic marker) is a substance that is located on the surface of white blood cells. This substance plays an important role in the body's immune response.
Because the HLA antigens are essential to immunity, identification aids in determination of the degree of tissue compatibility between transplant recipients and donors.
HLA can aid in paternity exclusion testing, a highly specialized area of forensic medicine.
Certain HLA types have been linked to diseases, such as narcolepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, Coeliac disease, multiple sclerosis, serum lupus erythematosus, and other autoimmune disorders.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class I (A, B & C) present peptides from inside the cell (including viral peptides if present). These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. The peptides are generally small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class II (DP,DM, DOA,DOB,DQ, & DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate T-helper cells to multiply, and these T-helper cells then stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce Antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by suppressor T-cells. .
MHC loci are some of the most genetically variable coding loci in mammals, and the human HLA loci are no exceptions. Five loci have over 100 alleles that have been detected in the human population, of these the most variable are HLA B and HLA DRB1.
The identification of different mechanisms by which tumours escape from the immune system have helped to judge the clinical relevance of several phenotypic changes that occur during tumour development. Changes in HLA class I expression play a leading role in the tumour-host scenario. The monitoring of HLA antigen expression in tumours is a new laboratory tool that should help the oncologist decide which immune strategy must be used in the treatment of cancer patients.
Minor reactions to subregions that show similarity to other types can be observed to the gene products of alleles of a serotype group. The sequence of the antigens determines the antibody reactivities and so having a good sequencing capability (or sequence based typing) obviates the need for serological reactions. Therefore different serotype reactions may indicate the need to sequence a person's HLA to determine a new gene sequence. Broad antigen types are still useful, such as typing very diverse populations with many unidentified HLA alleles (Africa, Arabia, Southeastern Iran and Pakistan, India). Africa, Southern Iran and Arabia shows the difficulty in typing areas that were settled earlier, allelic diversity makes it necessary to use broad antigen typing followed by gene sequencing because there is an increased risk of misidentifying by serotyping techniques.
Because the HLA antigens are essential to immunity, identification aids in determination of the degree of tissue compatibility between transplant recipients and donors.
HLA can aid in paternity exclusion testing, a highly specialized area of forensic medicine.
Certain HLA types have been linked to diseases, such as narcolepsy, rheumatoid arthritis, Coeliac disease, multiple sclerosis, serum lupus erythematosus, and other autoimmune disorders.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class I (A, B & C) present peptides from inside the cell (including viral peptides if present). These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. The peptides are generally small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.
HLA antigens corresponding to MHC class II (DP,DM, DOA,DOB,DQ, & DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate T-helper cells to multiply, and these T-helper cells then stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce Antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by suppressor T-cells. .
MHC loci are some of the most genetically variable coding loci in mammals, and the human HLA loci are no exceptions. Five loci have over 100 alleles that have been detected in the human population, of these the most variable are HLA B and HLA DRB1.
The identification of different mechanisms by which tumours escape from the immune system have helped to judge the clinical relevance of several phenotypic changes that occur during tumour development. Changes in HLA class I expression play a leading role in the tumour-host scenario. The monitoring of HLA antigen expression in tumours is a new laboratory tool that should help the oncologist decide which immune strategy must be used in the treatment of cancer patients.
Minor reactions to subregions that show similarity to other types can be observed to the gene products of alleles of a serotype group. The sequence of the antigens determines the antibody reactivities and so having a good sequencing capability (or sequence based typing) obviates the need for serological reactions. Therefore different serotype reactions may indicate the need to sequence a person's HLA to determine a new gene sequence. Broad antigen types are still useful, such as typing very diverse populations with many unidentified HLA alleles (Africa, Arabia, Southeastern Iran and Pakistan, India). Africa, Southern Iran and Arabia shows the difficulty in typing areas that were settled earlier, allelic diversity makes it necessary to use broad antigen typing followed by gene sequencing because there is an increased risk of misidentifying by serotyping techniques.